As you might already know, fireflies are not actually flies - they are a type of beetle. In total, there are more than 2,200 described species of fireflies, covering every continent except Antarctica. Though some don't fly, and some don't glow (as adults), all fireflies share a common trait: they can produce light in their larval stages. The common name "lightning bugs" generally encompasses the insects that most Americans call "fireflies" - the ones that light up our summer nights!
Like all beetles, lightning bugs go through four stages of complete metamorphosis: egg, larva, pupa, and imago (adult). Though we think of them primarily in their adult stage, they actually spend most of their lives in the larva stage. As larvae, they live underground in moist soils, and they feed on soft-bodied invertebrates like earthworms and snails.
When it's time to pupate, lightning bugs will choose a spot underground or within rotting vegetation. They overwinter as pupae, then emerge in summer as adults. Adult lightning bugs feed on nectar and pollen, and sometimes, other fireflies! Sometimes, they eat nothing at all as adults. Though life cycles vary between species, lightning bugs typically live two months or less as adults. During this time, they use their bioluminescence to attract mates. When laying eggs, lightning bugs typically choose environments that are suitable for their larvae, such as moist soils, leaf litter, and mulch beds.
If you haven't already guessed, lightning bugs play multiple roles in our ecosystems through the different stages of their lives. As larvae, they provide important controls on snails and slugs. As adults, they act as pollinators, helping our native plants reproduce. Finally, lightning bugs often hold a special place in human hearts, reminding us of magical childhood evenings. This sentiment can be an important motivator for humans to reduce our use of pesticide, nurture native plants, and conserve habitats - actions which positively benefit not just lightning bugs, but many other species as well.
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